Biography of James Naismith, Inventor of Basketball

James Naismith (November 6, 1861–November 28, 1939) was a Canadian sports coach who, in December of 1891, took a soccer ball and a peach basket into the gym at the Springfield, Massachusetts YMCA and invented basketball. Over the course of the next decade, he worked to refine the game and its rules and build its popularity. In 1936, basketball had become an official event at the Olympic Games in Berlin. Fast Facts: James Naismith Known For: Inventor of the game of basketballBorn: November 6, 1861 in Almonte, Ontario,  Province of CanadaParents: John Naismith, Margaret YoungDied: November 28, 1939 in Lawrence, KansasEducation: McGill University, Presbyterian College, YMCA Training School, Gross Medical College (M.D.)Published Works: A Modern College  in 1911;  Essence of a Healthy Life  in 1918; Basketball  Ã¢â‚¬â€ its Origins and Development in 1941 (posthumous)Awards and Honors:  Canadian Basketball Hall of Fame, Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame, McGill University Sports Hall of Fame, Basketball Hall of FameSpouse(s): Maude Evelyn Sherman, Florence B. KincaidChildren: Margaret Mason (Stanley), Helen Carolyn (Dodd), John Edwin, Maude Ann (Dawe), and James ShermanNotable Quote: The invention of basketball was not an accident. It was developed to meet a need. Those boys simply would not play Drop the Handkerchief. Early Life James Naismith was born in Ramsay township near Ontario, Canada in 1861. It was during his childhood years that he developed a love of sports and learned to play a neighborhood game called Duck on a Rock, which later influenced the development of basketball. According to the Naismith Basketball Foundation: Duck on a Rock which was a game that combined tag with throwing. Players formed a line from a distance of 15-20 feet from the base stone. Each player used a fist-sized stone. The object was to dislodge the â€Å"guards† stone from the top of the base stone, by throwing, taking turns. The guard would be positioned in a neutral area away from the thrower. If one succeeded, they would go to the back of the line. If you missed the guards’ stone, the â€Å"chase† would be on and if tagged before the stone was recovered, the players would trade places. Over time, they discovered that if the stone was hurled like a baseball it would bound far away and increase the likelihood of being caught by the guard. The players developed a lobbed arcing shot that proved to be more controllable, more accurate, and less likely to bounce away, thus increasing their chance of retrieval. As a young man, Naismith attended McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, followed by theological training at Presbyterian College. After serving as McGills athletic director, Naismith moved on to work at the YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. Invention of Basketball At the YMCA Training School, athletes found themselves at loose ends between the end of the football season and the start of the baseball season. Several trainers were asked to develop a sport to keep students physically active during the down season; the new game was to have two stated objectives: â€Å"make it fair for all players, and free of rough play. After considering the balls and rules of play for several popular sports including rugby, lacrosse, football, and soccer, Naismith developed a basic game that involved throwing a soccer ball into peach baskets. The larger soccer ball, he felt, would slow down play to avoid collisions. After a few experiments with the game, Naismith realized that rough play was inevitable near the goals and that players carrying the ball would be tackled. He also placed the goals overhead, and opened the bottom of the nets to allow the ball to drop out; in addition, remembering his childhood experience with Duck on a Rock, he developed a new kind of lobbing toss for the game. Ultimately, he established 13 basic rules for the new game he dubbed basketball: The Ball may be thrown in any direction by one or both hands.The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands (never with the fist).A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it, allowance to be made for the man who catches the ball when running if he tries to stop.The ball must be held by the hands; the arms or body must not be used for holding it.No shouldering, holding, pushing, tripping, or striking in any way the person of an opponent shall be allowed; the first infringement of the rule by any player shall count as a foul, the second shall disqualify him until the next goal is made, or if there was evident intent to injure the person, for the whole game, no substitute allowed.A foul is striking at the ball with the fist, violation of rules 3, 4, and such as described in rule 5.If either side makes three consecutive fouls it shall count a goal for the opponents (consecutive means without the opponents in the meantim e making a foul).A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the grounds into the basket and stays there, providing those defending the goal do not touch or disturb the goal. If the ball rests on the edges, and the opponent moves the basket, it shall count as a goal.When the ball goes out of bounds it shall be thrown into the field of play by the person first touching it. In case of a dispute, the umpire shall throw it straight into the field. The thrower-in is allowed five seconds; if he holds it longer it shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul on that team.The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made. He shall have the power to disqualify men according to rule 5The referee shall be the judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play, in bounds, to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decid e when a goal has been made, and keep account of the goals, with any other duties that are usually performed by the referee.The time shall be two 15-minute halves, with 5 minutes rest between.The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winner. In case of a draw, the game may be by mutual agreement, be continued until another goal is made. First College Basketball Game Following his time at the YMCA, Naismith went on to work for the University of Kansas, initially as a chaplain. At that time, basketball was played at the college level, but competition was usually between YMCAs. It was Naismith and other Kansas coaches who helped push the game into greater prominence, though Naismith himself did not seek the spotlight. The first-ever college basketball game was played on January 18, 1896.  On that day, the University of Iowa invited student-athletes from the new University of Chicago for an experimental game. The final score was Chicago 15, Iowa 12. Naismith lived to see basketball adopted as an Olympic demonstration sport in  1904  and as an official event at the  1936 Summer Olympics  in  Berlin, as well as the birth of the  National Invitation Tournament in 1938 and the  NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Championship in 1939. College basketball games were first broadcast on national TV in 1963, but it wasnt until the 1980s that sports fans ranked basketball as high as football and baseball. Death James Naismith died of a brain hemorrhage in 1939 and was interred at Memorial Park Cemetery in  Lawrence, Kansas. Legacy The  Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame  in  Springfield, Massachusetts, is named in his honor. He was an inaugural inductee in 1959. The  National Collegiate Athletic Association also rewards its top players and coaches annually with the  Naismith Awards, which includes the  Naismith College Player of the Year, the  Naismith College Coach of the Year,  and the  Naismith Prep Player of the Year. Naismith was also inducted into the Canadian Basketball Hall of Fame, the  Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame, the  Canadian Sports Hall of Fame, the  Ontario Sports Hall of Fame, the Ottawa Sports Hall of Fame, the  McGill University  Sports Hall of Fame, the Kansas State Sports Hall of Fame, and the FIBA Hall of Fame.   Naismiths hometown of Almonte, Ontario hosts an annual 3-on-3 tournament for all ages and skill levels in his honor. Every year, this event attracts hundreds of participants and involves over 20 half-court games along the main street of the town.   Sources â€Å"Dr. James Naismiths Life.†Ã‚  Naismith Basketball Foundation, 13 Nov. 2014.Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. â€Å"James Naismith.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 1 Feb. 2019.

The United States The Criminal Justice System - 856 Words

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One of the teenage seemed to come from a middle to upper class family, and when he was found shoplifting the family was able to obtain a social worker to help them solve the underlining issues that their child had (Marc Mauer lecture). The parents then spoke to the police, and prosecutor to let them know what they were doing in order to resolve their child’s issues, and the prosecutor decided to drop the case, do to the steps that the family was already taken (Marc Mauer lecture). In the second scenario another teenager was found shoplifting, but his family did not have the resources to get a social worker, so the teen was givenShow MoreRelatedThe United States And The Criminal Justice System Essay1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States considers itself to be the best country in the world. This sense of nationalism is present because of the country’s history of opportunities and their e mphasis on the power of their people. 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The company I would like to talk about is Starbucks Free Essays

A company’s individual organizational structure is a formal composition of task and reporting relationships that allows the company to control, coordinate, and motivate employees so a common goal can be achieved (Bateman Snell, 2009, p. 505). Starbucks last structure is a matrix structure to maximize communication. We will write a custom essay sample on The company I would like to talk about is Starbucks or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was implemented in 2008 to strengthen partnerships, and improve customer service. Starbucks has 4 divisions within the U. S. Each division has its own supporting functions, which report to their own department and the division. The support functions are â€Å"designed to consolidate functional activities into teams that have a shared vision and goals to support the business† (Schultz, 2008, para. 10 ). Organization mission: Starbucks’ mission is to â€Å"inspire and nurture the human spirit— one person, one cup, and one neighborhood at a time†. (Starbucks, 2011, para. 7 ). Starbuck is commited to be good to people and the environment. They have implemented several programs to support communities and coffee farmers. They also make donations to African communities to help people living with HIV. Fiscal Policies: Starbucks has a very strong corporate social responsibility governance. All operations and reports are conformed to legal requirements enforced by the SEC and any other governmental agencies. Competition: â€Å"Today, with more than 15,000 stores in 50 countries, Starbucks is the premier roaster and retailer of specialty coffee in the world† (Starbucks, 2011, para. 7). Starbucks’ biggest competitors are Mcdonald’s, 7-Eleven, Dunkin Donuts, and Caribou Coffee. However, Starbucks has managed to stay ahead because of the unique quality of their coffee and their customer service. Economy: The 2008 restructure implementation has helped Starbucks to overcome the global economic crisis. â€Å"During this past fiscal year, revenues increased to a record $10. 7 billion. Operating income increased by $857 million from fi scal 2009 to $1. 4 billion† (Schultz, 2011, p. 3). Customer demands: Customers come to Starbucks for a unique coffee experience, personalized customer service. Globalization: Starbucks has stores in 50 different countries. Communication can be challenging when dealing with different cultures. Starbucks welcomes diversity. Starbucks believes that † by welcoming a diversity of people and ideas to our business, we create more opportunities for learning and success that benefit customers, partners (employees) and suppliers† (Starbucks, 2011, para. 5). How to cite The company I would like to talk about is Starbucks, Papers

Economic International Legal Considerations Essay Example For Students

Economic International Legal Considerations Essay International Legal ConsiderationsThis chapter covers a wide range of regulations, procedures, and practices that fall into three categories: regulations that exporters must follow to comply with U.S. law; procedures that exporters should follow to ensure a successful export transaction; and programs and certain tax procedures that open new markets or provide financial benefits to exporters. Export RegulationsGeneral Introduction The Export Administration Regulations (EAR) regulate the export and reexport of items for national security, nonproliferation, foreign policy, and short supply reasons. The Department of Commerces Bureau of Export Administration (BXA) has taken important steps to remove unnecessary obstacles to exporting, including completion of U.S. regulatory reform effort and export control liberalizations. Working closely with the exporting community, BXA has simplified the EAR, especially for those companies new to exporting. In addition, export controls have been liberalized on many products sold by U.S. companies around the world, consistent with national security and foreign policy concerns. We will write a custom essay on Economic International Legal Considerations specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A relatively small percentage of exports and reexports requires the submission of a license application to BXA. License requirements are dependent upon an items technical characteristics, the destination, the end use, and the end user. Determining whether a license is required for export is easier under the newly drafted regulations which consolidate license requirements previously scattered throughout the regulations. Once a classification has been determined, exporters may use a single chart to determine if licenses are needed for a country. The revised regulations include answers to frequently asked questions, detailed step-by-step instructions for finding out if a transaction is subject to the regulations, how to request a commodity classification or advisory opinion, and how to apply for a license. The EAR groups items (commodities, software, and technology) into ten categories each containing several entries. These entries are the Export Control Classification Numbers (ECCN). These entries are in Supplemental N0. 1 to part 774 of the EAR, which is the Commerce Control List (CCL). The CCL and the Country Chart, Supplement No. 1 to part 738 taken together, define items subject to export controls based solely on the technical parameters of the item and the country of ultimate destination. Items that are listed on the CCL but do not require a license by reason of the Country Chart and items classified as EAR99 (see 734. 3(c) of the EAR entitled Scope of the EAR) are designated as NLR, or no license required. All countries are not treated in the same way under the EAR because different countries present different national security, nonproliferation, or foreign policy considerations for the United States. A license requirement may be based on the end use or end user in a transaction, primarily for proliferation reasons. Part 744 of the EAR describes such requirements and relevant licensing policies and includes both restrictions on items and restrictions on the activities of U. S. persons. The EAR covers more than exports. Items subject to the EAR are generally controlled for reexport from one foreign country to another. A relatively small percentage of exports and reexports requires an application to BXA for a license. Many items are not on the CCL or, if on the CCL, require a license only to a limited number of countries. Other transactions may be covered by one or more License Exceptions in the EAR, part 740. However, a license is required for virtually all exports to embargoed destinations such as Cuba. Part 746 of the EAR describes embargoed destinations and refers to certain additional controls imposed by the Office of Foreign Assets Controls of the Treasury Department. Sometimes the EAR are referred to as dual use regulations. The term dual use refers to items that can be used for both military and other strategic uses (e.g. , nuclear) and commercial applications. It also refers to items with solely civil uses. The term is also used to distinguish the scope of the EAR from items covered by the regulations of other agencies. For example, the U. S. Department of State controls exports of weapons and military related items on the U.S. Munitions List, while the Department of Energy and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission control certain items for nuclear reasons. For more information on the control of agencies other than BXA, see Supplement No. 3 to part 730 of the EAR. Steps for Using the EAR You may first look at part 732 of the EAR for the steps you follow to determine your obligations. Part 734 defines the scope of the EAR and excludes certain publicly available technology, as well as items properly subject to the jurisdiction of another agency. What is the proper classification for your item? This information is essential to determining any licensing requirements under the EAR. You may either classify your item on your own according to the CCL or you may ask BXA for assistance. The EAR is structured in a way that you should follow the steps in order. To determine whether you need a license, consider, in order, the scope of the EAR (part 734), the ten general prohibitions (part 736), and the license exceptions (part 740). .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51 , .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51 .postImageUrl , .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51 , .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51:hover , .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51:visited , .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51:active { border:0!important; } .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51:active , .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51 .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Critical Thinking and Business Decisions Essay General Prohibitions The general prohibition are found in part 736 of the EAR. The ten general prohibitions describe certain exports, reexports, and other conduct, subject to the scope of the EAR, in which you may not engage unless you have a license from BXA or qualify under part 740 of the EAR for a license exception from each applicable general prohibition paragraph. License Exceptions A license exception is an authorization for the export or reexport of some commodities, technology, or software under certain conditions. This gives you authority to ship certain items subject to the EAR that would otherwise require a license . Eligibility for license exceptions may be based on the item to be exported or reexported, the country of ultimate destination, the end use of the item, or the end user. If a license exception is available for a particular transaction, you may proceed with the transaction without a license. A license exception does not require a specific application nor approval from the Department of Commerce. However, you are required to meet all terms, conditions, and provisions for the use of that license exception. Applying for a License and Application Processing If an export license is required, you must prepare a Form BXA-748P, Mulipurpose Application Form, and submit it to BXA. The form can be used for requesting an export license, reexports, or commodity classifications. You may request forms by fax at 202-219-9179 or by phone on 202-482-3332. You must be certain to follow the instructions on the form carefully. In some instances, technical brochures and support documentation must also be included. In reviewing specific license applications, BXA will conduct a complete analysis of the license application along with all documentation submitted in support of the application. In addition to reviewing the item and end use, BXA will consider the reliability of each party to the transaction and review any available intelligence information. To the maximum extent possible, BXA will make licensing decisions without referral of license applications to other agencies; however, BXA may consult with other U. S. departments and agencies regarding any license application. Further information concerning the review policy for various controls is contained in parts 742 and 750. You may contact BXA for status of your pending certification request, advisory opinion, or license application. For advisory opinion requests, telephone 202-482-4905 or send a fax to 202-219-9179. For license applications and classification requests, telephone BXAs System for Tracking Export License Applications (STELA) at 202-482-2752. STELA is an automated voice response system that, upon request via any standard touch-tone telephone, will provide you with up-to-the-minute status on any license application pending at BXA. Requests for status may be made only by the applicant or the applicants agent. Avoiding Delays in Receiving a License In filling out a license application, rexporters commonly make four errors that account for most delays in processing applications: 1. Failing to sign the application. 2. Handwriting, rather than typing the application. 3. Responding inadequately to section 22(j) of the application, Description of Commodity or Technical Data, which calls for a description of the item or items to be exported. You must be specific, and you are encouraged to attach additional material to explain the product fully. 4. Responding inadequately to section 21 of the application, where the specific end use of the products or technical data is to be described. Again, you must be specific. Answering vaguely or entering unknown is likely to delay the application process. In an emergency, the Department of Commerce may consider expediting the processing of an export license application, but this procedure cannot be used as a substitute for filing of an application. If you feel you qualify for emergency handling, you should contact the Exporter Counseling Division at 202-482-4811 or by mail to the: U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Export Administration Office of Exporter Services Exporter Counseling Division 14th Street and Constitution Avenue, NW, Room 2706 Washington, D.C. 20230 Export Clearance If you are issued a BXA license, or you rely on a license exception described in part 740 of the EAR, you are responsible for the proper use of that license or license exception and for the performance of all its terms and conditions. If you export without either a license issued by BXA or a license exception, you are responsible for determining that the transaction is outside the scope if the EAR or the export is designated as No License Required. Both the Foreign Trade Statistics Regulations of the Census Bureau (15 CFR part 30) and the Export Administration Regulations require that the Shippers Export Declaration (SED) be submitted to the U.S. .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56 , .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56 .postImageUrl , .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56 , .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56:hover , .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56:visited , .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56:active { border:0!important; } .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56:active , .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56 .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: KARMA Essay Paper Government. There are exceptions to this rule, but if you are required to submit an SED, you must prepare it in accordance with the rules of the Foreign Trade Statistics Regulations (FTSR) and present the number of copies specified in the FTSR at the port if export. For more information about the FTSR or the SED, visit the Census Bureau online at http://www.census. gov/foreign-trade/www. Records on exports must be retained for five years from date of export, reexport, or any known diversion. For more information on export clearances, see part 758 of the EAR. For additional information on recordkeeping, see part 762. Where to Get Assistance The staring point for export licensing requirements and the regulations is the Exporter Counseling Division. BXAs counselors can guide you through the regulations to determine your licensing requirements. They can be reached by phone at 202-48-4811 and fax at 202-482-3617. BXA also maintains a Web site at http://www. bxa.doc.gov. The regulations are published in volume 15 of the Code of Federal Regulations starting at part 730. If you wish to purchase a loose-leaf version of the EAR or any electronic version of the EAR with updates, you may contact the National Technical Information Service order desk at 703-487-4630. In addition, the Export Administration Regulations are available through the EAR Electronic Market Place on the World Wide Web at http://w3.access.gpo. gov/bxa. Antidiversion, Antiboycott, and Antitrust RequirementsAntidiversion Clause To help ensure that U.S. exports go only to legally authorized destinations, the U. S. government requires a destination control statement on shipping documents. Under this requirement, the commercial invoice and bill of lading (or air waybill) for nearly all commercial shipments leaving the United States must display a statement notifying the carrier and all foreign parties (the ultimate and intermediate consignees and purchaser) that the U.S. material has been licensed for export only to certain destinations and may not be diverted contrary to U.S. law. Exceptions to the use of the destination control statement are shipments to Canada and intended for consumption in Canada and shipments being made under certain general licenses. Advice on the appropriate statement to be used can be provided by the Department of Commerce, an attorney, or the freight forwarder. The minimum antidiversion statement for goods exported under Commerce Department authority is: These commodities, technology, or software, were exported from the United States in accordance with the Export Administration Regulations. Diversion contrary to U.S. law is prohibited. Antiboycott Regulations The United States has an established policy of opposing restrictive trade practices or boycotts fostered or imposed by foreign countries against other countries friendly to the United States. This policy is implemented through the antiboycott provisions of the Export Administration Act enforced by the Department of Commerce and through the Tax Reform Act of 1977 enforced by the Department of the Treasury. o Prohibiting U. S. agencies or persons from refusing to do business with blacklisted firms and boycotted friendly countries pursuant to foreign boycott demands; o Prohibiting U.S. persons from discriminating against, or agreeing to discriminate against other U. S. persons on the basis of race, religion, sex, or national origin in order to comply with a foreign boycott; o Prohibiting U.S. persons from furnishing information about business relationships with boycotted friendly foreign countries or blacklisted companies in response to boycott requirements; o Providing for public disclosure of requests to comply with foreign boycotts; and o Requiring U. S. persons who receive requests to report receipt of the requests to the Commerce Department and disclose publicly whether they have complied with such requests. The antiboycott provisions of the Export Administration Act apply to all U.S. persons, including intermediaries in the export process, as well as foreign subsidiaries that are controlled in fact by U.S. companies and U.S. officials. The Department of Commerces Office of Antiboycott Compliance (OAC) administers the program through ongoing investigations of corporate activities. OAC operates an automated boycott-reporting system providing statistical and enforcement data to Congress and to the public, issuing interpretations of the regulations for the affected public, and offering nonbinding informal guidance to the private sector on specific compliance concerns. U. S. firms with questions about complying with antiboycott regulations should call OAC at 202-482-2381 or write to Office of Antiboycott Compliance, Bureau of Export Administration, Room 6098, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC 20230. Antitrust Laws The U.S. antitrust laws reflect this nations commitment to an economy based on competition. They are intended to foster the efficient allocation of

‘to What Extent Were Bismarcks Short-Term Solutions to German Diplomacy, Setting the Stage for Long Term Problems Essay Example

‘to What Extent Were Bismarcks Short-Term Solutions to German Diplomacy, Setting the Stage for Long Term Problems? Essay Otto Bismarck was the shining leader of the shining Germany during the years 1862-1890. At the time Germany was a new country where Bismarck was in charge for many things that happened inside and outside the country. He was responsible for unifying the country by using different policies. Bismarck was a conservative, which meant that he didn’t prefer changes and he felt like god made the system. As a leader Bismarck made clear that the goals of the state were more important then any other concern. In spite of this the diplomacies he used were usually planned short-term wisely, which could cause a problem for long-term settings. His most important goals were going to war with other countries, keeping peace in Europe, and of course his smart politics had a major impact in the growth of German industry. The first thing that Bismarck wanted to do was to guarantee ultimate security to everyone in Europe. Germany was in a position where they were either going to fall or stand up and that is why it was vital not to have a 2-sided war. Bismarck didn’t want to threat and/or threatened by neighbor countries and especially the big powers, which were France and Russia. Bismarck would always try to convince other countries not to attack each other or Germany. Bismarck tried to have security through Alliances like the Three Emperors League, The Congress of Berlin, Dual Alliance, The Three Emperors’ Alliance, The Triple Alliance, and The Second Mediterranean Agreement. Bismarck went to war with three different countries, which were Denmark, Austria, and France in only a time amount of eight years. The motive behind this was that the German society could re-unite quicker. This way people would trust each other more and the victories would make the people love their countries, which would make the country one. There were other reasons as well for going to war. Bismarck’s aim was to isolate France so he could keep peace in Europe. Bismarck was afraid of a war between Austria-Hungary and Russia because France would support Russia and Bismarck would have to support Austria, which would cause a two-sided war. We will write a custom essay sample on ‘to What Extent Were Bismarcks Short-Term Solutions to German Diplomacy, Setting the Stage for Long Term Problems? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on ‘to What Extent Were Bismarcks Short-Term Solutions to German Diplomacy, Setting the Stage for Long Term Problems? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on ‘to What Extent Were Bismarcks Short-Term Solutions to German Diplomacy, Setting the Stage for Long Term Problems? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer After the League of the Three Emperors had broken down Bismarck wanted to stay allies with Russia so he agreed on the Reinsurance Treaty, which was if one of the strong countries would go to war with another Great Power, the other would stay neutral, and would try to prevent the conflict getting bigger. Still miscalculations by Bismarck could be dangerous one day. From 1862 to 1890 there was a major growth in the German industry and economy because by the end of 1890 Germany had become one the three great economic powers in the world. They came up with their retirement age, which many countries later on took as an example. Bismarck’s foreign policy and economic handling should be seen as a success because he kept France isolated, avoided was in Europe, and had a very fast growing economy. In conclusion, Bismarck’s short-term solutions didn’t cause any major problems in the long run. It was always unsafe but Bismarck’s intelligent diplomacy helped Germany reform. They may not have had the same success if Bismarck didn’t contribute. He did a lot of good calculations by using the right policies and to him the goals of the state were more important to anything else, which brought all the success to Germany.

Ethics, No Secrets Policy and Counselor Values Essay Example

Ethics, No Secrets Policy and Counselor Values Essay Example Ethics, No Secrets Policy and Counselor Values Essay Ethics, No Secrets Policy and Counselor Values Essay Bullet Point Responses Julie Sanders * I believe it is unethical for the counselor to reveal anything said in individual counseling with the husband. She didn’t address a â€Å"no secrets† policy in the informed consent. Sharing this information with the wife without his permission is unethical. In marriage counseling the â€Å"no secrets† policy needs to be addressed and explained in the informed consent. Since she did not have a policy concerning this, she is bound by confidentiality which should have been in her informed consent. It is not the job of the counselor to instill his/her values onto a client. The counselor shold try to remain as neutral as possible. Even if the husband feels the extra-marital relationship is enhancing the marriage, his wife still doesn’t know about it, and he seems to be the only one benefitting from the affair. The counselor should remain as neutral as possible when discussing this with the husband and encourage him to brin g this up in a conjoint session. It is not the therapist’s decision to make since she did not have a â€Å"no â€Å"secrets policy in place. I don’t think the therapist should â€Å"persuade† the husband to give up the affair or bring it up in joint counseling. In my opinion that is still imposing her values on the client. With that said, I do think, in a sense, that the therapist is colluding with the husband. However, she is responsible for the situation by not clearly stating confidentiality and â€Å"no secrets† in her informed consent. * According to Corey (p. 98) counselors should have a process of self-examination to discover their own biases, beliefs and values. I think it is unethical to refer a client because of a therapist’s personal beliefs. Saying that, if the counselor has strongly held beliefs and values, they should be addressed in the informed consent and explained to client’s before the counseling process begins. This would give the counselor basis for referral. Since the counselor is bound by confidentiality, she cannot tell the wife of the husband’s affair, but if the counselor addressed value’s bias in the informed consent, she can offer that as a reason for referral. It is not the counselor’s job, nor is it ethical for the counselor to inform the wife of the affair. * I don’t believe it is in the best interest of the original client (the husband) for the counselor to offer marriage counseling to the couple. The scenario does not address the training of the counselor in this field. If I were the counselor, I would continue to see the husband, dealing with his issues and refer the couple to a marriage counselor. Assignment Questions Julie Sanders ii) I want you to read over the informed consent and make sure you both understand the guidelines we will be operating from. There are several important sections that I would like you both to understand before signing the form. I’ll be happy to discuss and answer any questions regarding these areas. In the beginning of the consent for is a section I would like to bring your attention the purpose of therapy, procedures, the possibility of a negative outcome, possible benefits, fee structures, your rights and responsibilities and also either one of you can withdraw at any time (Corey, p. 474). I have a â€Å"no secrets† policy. Since you are here for couple’s counseling I feel you need to be open and honest with each other. If one of you shares a â€Å"secret† with me individually that I might feel necessary to share, I will decide if it needs to be shared with your spouse. iii) I will not share my values with you regarding marriage or extramarital affairs I don’t think it would be ethical because it could sway your decision making, and how I personally feel about an issue is not the problem being addressed. For your best interests, I feel it is best that I remain as neutral as possible. v) In the beginning of the counseling process along with informed consent I would address the issue of blindsiding a partner. The clients and I would address the issues involved in being honest as opposed to being â€Å"brutally† honest in a way that could cause harm. If after discussing the effects of an ambush, it happens anyway, I would ask the â€Å"ambushee† how that made them feel an d the ambusher the reasoning behind the â€Å"attack. † Hopefully this would encourage a rational, honest and meaningful dialogue between the two.

Arsenic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Arsenic - Essay Example The methods utilized in preparations of ceria nanoparticles and its coating on nanotubes is also reviewed. History of arsenic in field of chemistry, medicine and technology has been completely overshadowed by its role as poison in various homicides. In today's world extension of its similar role has been widely discussed due to world wide ground water contamination and many times referred as 21st century calamity. High concentration of arsenic has been reported from almost 21 countries and among them Bangladesh and West bengal region of India are considered to be the most affected area and significant amount of population are at risk (1). Arsenic is the 20th most abundant material found in earth crust and its concentration in most of rocks ranges between 0.5 to 2.5 mg/kg. Mobilization of arsenic is contributed by various natural phenomenon which include natural weathering reaction, biochemical mobilization, geochemical and volcanic emission etc. but, at many places excessive mining also contributes for the same. Arsenic exist in various oxidation state in natural environment which includ es -3,,0.+3. and +5. Figure 1 indicates the Eh-pH diagram of arsenic at 25C. Long term exposure to arsenic contaminated drinking water have many medical manifestation which includes skin, lungs, bladder and kidney cancer, change in pigmentation, hyperkeratosis, neurological disorders, muscular weakness loss of appetite and nausea etc. As per the WHO guidelines the permissible arsenic concentration in ground water is 10ppb (0.01mg/l).World wide problem of ground water contamination with arsenic leads to extensive research in area of arsenic remediation in ground water. There are different methodologies developed arsenic removals, which are mainly classified as 1) Chemical processes, 2) Physical processes, 3) Biological processes, and 4) combination of all. Table 1 characterizes the various methodologies applied for arsenic remediation based on their principles. Arsenic pollution of water occurs due to various reasons like the natural leaching of rocks containing arsenic, mining, processing of mineral deposits and a discharge of industrial pollutants. Many techniques as shown in Table 1 are known for arsenic removal and adsorption is one of the main methods for its treatment. Many adsorbents like carbon, rare earth oxides, lanthanium and yttrium impregnated alumina, ion exchange fiber and lanthanium compounds are being known for the removal of arsenic from water(3). The development of nanotechnology and nanosciences has raised the expectation of its crucial role in environmental issues. A variety of nano-materials have been experimented in treatment of environment pollutants like Photocatalytic TiO2 and ZnS for removal of organics. Zerovalent iron (Fe (0)) and bimetallic Fe (0) as effective redox media for in-situ remediation of organics and inorganic pollutant. Among others Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) emerges as one of the most promising agent to be used with other nanomaterials due to its unique mechanical, electrical, optical and thermal properties which takes it one of the most ideal supporting material for nano coatings. Nano

Master of Business Administration Personal Statement

Master of Business Administration - Personal Statement Example For deals worth more than three million dollars, I work with a team in order to come up with proposals and pricing strategies. All of the opportunities that I handle are highly competitive. My company is in the commodity business. This means that prices are the deciding factor whether we achieve deals or lose them. The role I play in the company is vital. When I bid on an opportunity, finding the right price is crucial to winning business. It is important to find the line between a low enough price to win business and a price high enough to make a profit. Personal accountability in this field is the only way to achieve positive results. It is imperative to remember while going after new business, that one must also retain current customers. The competitive personal computer market needs employees that inspire customer loyalty. This makes retaining customers a top priority for me. It is my goal to generate good relations with new customers, while maintaining the same constructive relationship with current customers. This aspiration sometimes can be tedious, but I work hard to accomplish this objective. A long term intention is to use my sales and marketing experience to pursue a career in product management. While I am comfortable with numbers, working with product management would be more fulfilling.

The effect of vitamin D on Multiple Sclerosis Research Paper

The effect of vitamin D on Multiple Sclerosis - Research Paper Example Vitamin D is vital in improving several symptoms associated with MS. However, it is unclear as to whether consuming supplements having vitamin D can prevent one from developing multiple sclerosis or treat the symptoms after the illness affects a person. Certain genes also link with the development of MS. However, since researchers portray differences with regard to their understanding pertaining to multiple sclerosis, it is difficult to know if vitamin D can help is treating or preventing different instances of MS (Robinson, 2015). For example, in case an individual develops multiple sclerosis and want to consume vitamin D, it may not harm cause harm or worsen the symptoms. Nonetheless, people may be unlikely to witness any changes to the symptoms they develop. They should refrain from taking vitamin D in line with other types of medications. Therefore, an individual should consult a doctor before consuming supplements, such as those having vitamin D (Watson, 2013). Vitamin D may prevent a person from developing MS or minimize its severity. It plays a crucial role with respect to helping an individual develop healthy bones. Nevertheless, researchers are looking for certain ways in which they can reveal the role that vitamin D plays in diverse body parts. However, although vitamin D may boost the nervous and immune systems in an individual’s body, the manner in which it works it unclear (Swanson, 2015). Certain cells in the nervous and immune systems of a person have vitamin D receptors. The receptors prevail on a cell’s surface whose role is to receive signals from chemicals. Once the cells merge with receptors, chemical signals direct cells to behave in certain ways, die or divide. The cells also regulate the amount of vitamin D present in them. For instance, after the immune systems of a body are subjected to vitamin D using laboratory experiments, they tend to swell. This reveals that

Kiliani-fischer Synthesis of Monosaccharides

Kiliani-fischer Synthesis of Monosaccharides Teoh Shi Hao Sean Introduction Monosaccharides are the most basic unit of carbohydrates, playing an essential role in the biochemistry of life. The most important and commonly occurring form is glucose, used as an energy source in cells (Solomon et al., 2011). Monosaccharides have the chemical formula (CH2O)n (where n 3) but those with eight or more carbons are uncommon due to their inherent instability (Solomon et al., 2011; McMurry, 2008). In a monosaccharide molecule, each carbon atom has a hydroxyl group bonded to it, except one which has an oxygen atom double bonded to it instead thus forming a carbonyl group (Solomon et al., 2011). The monosaccharide is an aldehyde if the carbonyl group is located at the end of the chain, and a ketone if the carbonyl group is located at any other position. Monosaccharides can exist in acyclic or cyclic forms, and usually switch between the two forms (McMurry, 2008). The Kiliani-Fischer synthesis is a technique for lengthening these important biomolecules. Mechanism Figure 1 below shows the reaction equation of the technique. A starting sugar is first reacted with sodium cyanide to form cyanohydrin, and subsequently hydrolysed through the application of heat to form two diastereomeric aldonic acid lactone intermediates. These intermediates are later separated through separation techniques, such as chromatography, and the desired lactone is reduced using a sodium amalgam to form a resultant sugar that has one carbon atom more than the starting sugar. In this written review, the starting sugar will be a aldopentose and the resultant sugar will be a aldohexose. Figure 1 – Reaction equation of the Kiliani-Fischer synthesis (Kilini-Fischer synthesis, 2014; Fischer, 1890). Nucleophilic addition of aldehyde to form cyanohydrin The first step in Kiliani-Fischer synthesis involves nucleophilic addition of the starting sugar, an aldehyde. NaCN and H2O are used as reagents (McMurry, 2008). Figure 2 below shows the mechanism of the reaction. A lone pair on a CN ion initiates the reaction by attacking the nucleophilic carbon atom at the carbonyl group, forming a tetrahedral intermediate. The O then attacks the H atom of a H2O molecule, forming a cyanohydrin. Figure 2 – Reaction of starting sugar to form cyanohydrin. Hydrolysis of cyanohydrin to form aldonic acid The second step in Kiliani-Fischer synthesis involves the hydrolysis of the cyanohydrin to form aldonic acid (McMurry, 2008). H2O is used as the reagent, with heat applied. Figure 3 below shows the mechanism of the reaction. The lone pair on the O of OH, formed by the auto-ionization of water, attacks the nucleophilic C of the cyanohydrin forming a trigonal planar structure. The lone pair on the N then attacks an H of a H2O molecule, followed by the double bond of C=N attacking the H atom bonded to the OH group. The resultant molecule is an amide. An OH ion then attacks the nucleophilic carbon at the carbonyl group, forming a tetrahedral intermediate that collapses with NH2 leaving as a leaving group. An aldonic acid molecule is formed. Figure 3 – Hydrolysis of cyanohydrin to form aldonic acid. Esterification of aldonic acid to form lactone intermediate and subsequent reduction to form resultant sugar With the same reagent of H2O and conditions of heat, the aldonic acid produced from the hydrolysis of cyanohydrin undergoes esterification to form lactone intermediates (McMurry, 2008). Figure 4 below shows the mechanism of the reaction. A lone pair on the O at the carbonyl group of COOH attacks a proton produced by the auto-ionization of water. The tautomer of the resulting intermediate has a nucleophilic carbon, C1, which is attacked by a lone pair present on the OH group on the other end of the aldonic acid chain. The electrons from the O-H bond of the attacking OH group is withdrawn by the O+, and the resulting proton is attacked by a lone pair on the OH group attached to C1. The lone pair from the O of the other OH group attached to C1 forms a second bond between C and O, and a H2O molecule leaves as a leaving group. The electrons from the O-H bond then forms a second bond between C and O, and a proton leaves. A lactone intermediate is formed. Finally, the lactone intermediate is reduced using a sodium amalgam, Na(Hg), to form the resultant aldohexose monosaccharide (McMurry, 2008). Reagents used are sodium amalgam and sulphuric acid, in cold solution (Fischer, 1890). Figure 5 below shows the reaction equation. The exact mechanism of reduction by sodium amalgam is unknown at this point in time (Keck et al., 1994). Figure 4 – Esterification of aldonic acid to form lactone intermediate. Figure 5 – Reduction of aldonic acid to resultant sugar. History and development The Kiliani-Fischer synthesis is named after German chemists Heinrich Kiliani and Hermann Emil Fischer. Its original purpose was to elucidate all 16 stereoisomers of aldohexoses, as achieved by Fischer. Key discoveries that to the development of this technique included: (1) Louis Pasteur’s insight that the â€Å"molecule of tartaric acid came in two forms that were mirror images†, or isomers, of one another, and that each of these isomers rotated polarized light in different directions (Wagner, 2004, p.240), (2) Jacobus H. van’t Hoff’s and J. A. Le Bel’s insight of the â€Å"concept of an asymmetric carbon atom†, that isomers of compounds exist despite identical chemical formulae because of asymmetric carbon atoms, and the relationship between stereochemistry and optical activity (Wagner, 2004, p.240), and (3) Fischer’s creation of phenylhydrazine, a reagent that reacts with sugar molecules to form osazones. Prior to the discovery of this technique, relatively little was known about the structural properties of monosaccharides. It was difficult to study monosaccharides because of their â€Å"tendency to form syrups rather than solids that could be dissolved and crystallized easily† (Wagner, 2004). However, Fischer discovered phenylhydrazine which when reacted with aldonic acids (formed by oxidation of sugars) forms osazones (Kunz, 2002). These carbohydrate derivatives could be isolated easily through crystallization, and had physical forms that could be distinguished from one another (Kunz, 2002). Their subsequent analysis allowed Fischer to identify and segregate isomers of the monosaccharides (Wagner, 2004). The aldonic acid can be regenerated by addition of baryta water, or aqueous solution of barium hydroxide, to the segregated osazone (Fischer, 1890). The then purified aldonic acid can be evaporated to transform into welling-crystallizing lactone for further study (Fischer, 1 890). Using this technique, Fischer discovered that two distinct monosaccharides, D-glucose and D-mannose, yield the same osazone because osazone formation destroys the asymmetry about C2 without affecting the rest of the molecule (Wagner, 2004). Furthermore, the lactones of D-glucose and D-mannose turned polarized light in different directions. As such, he concluded that D-glucose and D-mannose have identical structures but were mirror images of one another (Wagner, 2004). However, their exact structures were still unknown. In 1886, Kiliani discovered a method to lengthen the carbon chain of an organic molecule, using cyanide as a reagent to form cyanohydrin (McMurry, 2012). Fischer realized the potential of this discovery in advancing the study of carbohydrates, adding on an additional step to convert the cyanohydrin nitrile group into an aldehyde (McMurry, 2012). Thus, the Kiliani-Fischer synthesis was created. This new technique allowed Fischer to research further into the stereoisomerism of monosaccharides and continue off where he last stopped – that D-glucose and D-mannose were stereoisomers but of unknown structures. Applications Elucidation of aldohexose stereoisomers Figure 5 on the right shows the general structure of a aldohexose. In order to apply the Kiliani-Fischer synthesis in the elucidation of aldohexose stereoisomers, Fischer had to first make a starting assumption that the –OH group of D-glucose at C5 was on the right side (Wagner, 2004). L-arabinose is an aldopentose having five carbon atoms. Its exact structure had been deciphered by Fischer, and is asymmetric at C2, C3 and C ­4 as shown in Figure 6 on the right. Fischer discovered that the Kiliani-Fischer synthesis converted L-arabinose into both D-glucose and D-mannose (Wagner, 2004). This therefore implied that D-glucose and D-mannose shared the same configuration about C3, C4 and C5 as the analogous carbons in L-arabinose (C2, C3 and C4 respectively) (Wagner, 2004). This insight led Fischer to use L-arabinose in conjunction with D-glucose and D-mannose as materials for further research. Fischer discovered that oxidizing L-arabinose created a product that was optically active (Wagner, 2004). If the starting assumption made by Fischer was true, then this implied that the –OH group at C2 in L-arabinose (and thus C3 in D-glucose and D-mannose) must be on the left side or the product would be optically inactive (Wagner, 2004). Next, Fischer determined that oxidizing D-glucose and D-mannose resulted in dicarboxylic acids that were optically active (Wagner, 2004). This implied that the –OH group at C4 in D-glucose and D-mannose (and thus C3 in L-arabinose) must be on the right side or the product would be optically inactive (Wagner, 2004). Finally, Fischer found that oxidizing D-gulose resulted in the same dicarboxylic acid as that of D-glucose (Wagner, 2004). Through logic, Fischer realized this implied that the –OH group at C2 in D-glucose must be on the right side. Piecing together all the information, Fischer finally determined the exact structure of D-glucose and D-mannose, as shown in Figure 7 below. Problems and improvements The Kiliani-Fischer synthesis is a commonly used technique in preparing aldoses. However, the last step in the reaction process, reduction, produces â€Å"mixtures containing product aldoses, unreacted lactone, aldonic acid salts, and alditols† (Serianni et al., 1979; p.71). Reduction by sodium amalgam allows the production of acylated aldoses in high yields but the subsequent removal of the acyl groups often degrades the product aldose (Serianni et al., 1979). An improvement to this method would be to reduce the nitrile over a palladium catalyst (Serianni et al., 1979; McMurry, 2012). This would yield an imine intermediate instead, that can be hydrolysed to an aldehyde. References Fischer, E. (1890). Synthesis in the sugar group. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 12(8), 400-409. Fischer, E. (1902). Syntheses in the purine and sugar group. Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1901, 1921, 21-35. Keck, G. E., Savin, K. A. Weglarz, M. A. (1995). Use of samarium diiodide as an alternative to sodium/mercury amalgam in the Julia-Lythgoe Olefination. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 60(10), 3194–3204. Kiliani-Fischer synthesis (2014). Wikipedia. Retrieved April 2, 2014 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiliani%E2%80%93Fischer_synthesis. Kunz, H. (2002). Emil Fischer – unequalled classicist, master of organic chemistry, and inspired trailblazer of biological chemistry. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 41(23), 4439-4451. Magner, J. A. (2004). Emil Fischer (1852-1919): The stereochemical nature of sugars. The Endocrinologist, 14(5), 239-244. McMurry, J. (2008). Organic Chemistry (7th edition). Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole. McMurry, J. (2012). Organic Chemistry (8th edition). Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole Serianni, A. S., Nunez, H. A. Barker, R. (1979). Carbon-13 enriched carbohydrates: Preparation of aldonitrile and their reduction with a palladium catalyst. Carbohydrate Research, 72, 71-78. Solomon, E. P., Berg, L. R., Martin, D. W. (2011). Biology (9th edition). Singapore, CA: Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd.

Is Science Moving Too Quickly? :: Technology Essays

Is Science Moving Too Quickly? Before when I heard the word science the first thing came to my mind was human cloning. However, recently I started thinking deeper toward this issue. Before, I thought everything about science is unnatural. Scientists are going against God and Human nature. After reading Bishop's and Rifkins's articles my view changed toward science completely. By comparing and contrasting these great scholars, science made more sense to me. In 1995 J. Michael Bishop wrote an article deploring the detractors of scientific advancement and exploration. Likewise, in 1988 (republished in 1998) Jeremy Rifkin wrote an article warning of the dangers of advances in the science of biotechnology and calling for caution in that area. Both men agree on several issues but disagree on many more. The credentials of both men are very different. J. Michael Bishop, a professor of microbiology at UC San Francisco, as the result of "a seemingly obscure observation" (Bishop 239) regarding a virus that causes cancer in chickens, has won a Nobel Prize for identifying genes that are involved in the genesis of human cancer. Jeremy Rifkin is a well-known, well-written, informed, respected social activist, a not-for-profit watchdog for Everyman. Both men mention religion. Bishop is annoyed over having to re-fight battles with "religious zealots" like those who press for the teaching of creationism despite the finding for Darwin's theory in the Scopes trial. Rifkin appeals to them: Human-authored creation could lead to a "laboratory-conceived second Genesis" which could then lead to a "biological Tower of Babel and the spread of chaos throughout the biological world, drowning out the ancient language of creation" (Rifkin 245). Bishop is probably more scientifically knowledgeable overall. However, in the article he makes an interesting point unintentionally not in his favor, regarding scientific ignorance. "[Many adult Americans] do not even know that the Earth circles the Sun" (Bishop 241). Recently, "a prominent member of Congress betrayed his ignorance of how the prostate gland differs from the testes" (Bishop 241). Bishop also says that even scientists do not understand each other. After "laboring mightily" to make a text understandable by the readers of Scientific American, (a magazine not for the uneducated), he was dismayed by the comment of a "solid-state physicist of considerable merit" who asked him, "What exactly is a gene?" (Bishop 242). Likewise he reports that 23 geophysicists could not distinguish between DNA and RNA; a Nobel Prize winning chemist had never heard of plate tectonics; and biologists who thought string theory might have something to do with pasta.