Biography of James Naismith, Inventor of Basketball

James Naismith (November 6, 1861–November 28, 1939) was a Canadian sports coach who, in December of 1891, took a soccer ball and a peach basket into the gym at the Springfield, Massachusetts YMCA and invented basketball. Over the course of the next decade, he worked to refine the game and its rules and build its popularity. In 1936, basketball had become an official event at the Olympic Games in Berlin. Fast Facts: James Naismith Known For: Inventor of the game of basketballBorn: November 6, 1861 in Almonte, Ontario,  Province of CanadaParents: John Naismith, Margaret YoungDied: November 28, 1939 in Lawrence, KansasEducation: McGill University, Presbyterian College, YMCA Training School, Gross Medical College (M.D.)Published Works: A Modern College  in 1911;  Essence of a Healthy Life  in 1918; Basketball  Ã¢â‚¬â€ its Origins and Development in 1941 (posthumous)Awards and Honors:  Canadian Basketball Hall of Fame, Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame, McGill University Sports Hall of Fame, Basketball Hall of FameSpouse(s): Maude Evelyn Sherman, Florence B. KincaidChildren: Margaret Mason (Stanley), Helen Carolyn (Dodd), John Edwin, Maude Ann (Dawe), and James ShermanNotable Quote: The invention of basketball was not an accident. It was developed to meet a need. Those boys simply would not play Drop the Handkerchief. Early Life James Naismith was born in Ramsay township near Ontario, Canada in 1861. It was during his childhood years that he developed a love of sports and learned to play a neighborhood game called Duck on a Rock, which later influenced the development of basketball. According to the Naismith Basketball Foundation: Duck on a Rock which was a game that combined tag with throwing. Players formed a line from a distance of 15-20 feet from the base stone. Each player used a fist-sized stone. The object was to dislodge the â€Å"guards† stone from the top of the base stone, by throwing, taking turns. The guard would be positioned in a neutral area away from the thrower. If one succeeded, they would go to the back of the line. If you missed the guards’ stone, the â€Å"chase† would be on and if tagged before the stone was recovered, the players would trade places. Over time, they discovered that if the stone was hurled like a baseball it would bound far away and increase the likelihood of being caught by the guard. The players developed a lobbed arcing shot that proved to be more controllable, more accurate, and less likely to bounce away, thus increasing their chance of retrieval. As a young man, Naismith attended McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, followed by theological training at Presbyterian College. After serving as McGills athletic director, Naismith moved on to work at the YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. Invention of Basketball At the YMCA Training School, athletes found themselves at loose ends between the end of the football season and the start of the baseball season. Several trainers were asked to develop a sport to keep students physically active during the down season; the new game was to have two stated objectives: â€Å"make it fair for all players, and free of rough play. After considering the balls and rules of play for several popular sports including rugby, lacrosse, football, and soccer, Naismith developed a basic game that involved throwing a soccer ball into peach baskets. The larger soccer ball, he felt, would slow down play to avoid collisions. After a few experiments with the game, Naismith realized that rough play was inevitable near the goals and that players carrying the ball would be tackled. He also placed the goals overhead, and opened the bottom of the nets to allow the ball to drop out; in addition, remembering his childhood experience with Duck on a Rock, he developed a new kind of lobbing toss for the game. Ultimately, he established 13 basic rules for the new game he dubbed basketball: The Ball may be thrown in any direction by one or both hands.The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands (never with the fist).A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it, allowance to be made for the man who catches the ball when running if he tries to stop.The ball must be held by the hands; the arms or body must not be used for holding it.No shouldering, holding, pushing, tripping, or striking in any way the person of an opponent shall be allowed; the first infringement of the rule by any player shall count as a foul, the second shall disqualify him until the next goal is made, or if there was evident intent to injure the person, for the whole game, no substitute allowed.A foul is striking at the ball with the fist, violation of rules 3, 4, and such as described in rule 5.If either side makes three consecutive fouls it shall count a goal for the opponents (consecutive means without the opponents in the meantim e making a foul).A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the grounds into the basket and stays there, providing those defending the goal do not touch or disturb the goal. If the ball rests on the edges, and the opponent moves the basket, it shall count as a goal.When the ball goes out of bounds it shall be thrown into the field of play by the person first touching it. In case of a dispute, the umpire shall throw it straight into the field. The thrower-in is allowed five seconds; if he holds it longer it shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul on that team.The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made. He shall have the power to disqualify men according to rule 5The referee shall be the judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play, in bounds, to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decid e when a goal has been made, and keep account of the goals, with any other duties that are usually performed by the referee.The time shall be two 15-minute halves, with 5 minutes rest between.The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winner. In case of a draw, the game may be by mutual agreement, be continued until another goal is made. First College Basketball Game Following his time at the YMCA, Naismith went on to work for the University of Kansas, initially as a chaplain. At that time, basketball was played at the college level, but competition was usually between YMCAs. It was Naismith and other Kansas coaches who helped push the game into greater prominence, though Naismith himself did not seek the spotlight. The first-ever college basketball game was played on January 18, 1896.  On that day, the University of Iowa invited student-athletes from the new University of Chicago for an experimental game. The final score was Chicago 15, Iowa 12. Naismith lived to see basketball adopted as an Olympic demonstration sport in  1904  and as an official event at the  1936 Summer Olympics  in  Berlin, as well as the birth of the  National Invitation Tournament in 1938 and the  NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Championship in 1939. College basketball games were first broadcast on national TV in 1963, but it wasnt until the 1980s that sports fans ranked basketball as high as football and baseball. Death James Naismith died of a brain hemorrhage in 1939 and was interred at Memorial Park Cemetery in  Lawrence, Kansas. Legacy The  Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame  in  Springfield, Massachusetts, is named in his honor. He was an inaugural inductee in 1959. The  National Collegiate Athletic Association also rewards its top players and coaches annually with the  Naismith Awards, which includes the  Naismith College Player of the Year, the  Naismith College Coach of the Year,  and the  Naismith Prep Player of the Year. Naismith was also inducted into the Canadian Basketball Hall of Fame, the  Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame, the  Canadian Sports Hall of Fame, the  Ontario Sports Hall of Fame, the Ottawa Sports Hall of Fame, the  McGill University  Sports Hall of Fame, the Kansas State Sports Hall of Fame, and the FIBA Hall of Fame.   Naismiths hometown of Almonte, Ontario hosts an annual 3-on-3 tournament for all ages and skill levels in his honor. Every year, this event attracts hundreds of participants and involves over 20 half-court games along the main street of the town.   Sources â€Å"Dr. James Naismiths Life.†Ã‚  Naismith Basketball Foundation, 13 Nov. 2014.Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. â€Å"James Naismith.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 1 Feb. 2019.

The United States The Criminal Justice System - 856 Words

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One of the teenage seemed to come from a middle to upper class family, and when he was found shoplifting the family was able to obtain a social worker to help them solve the underlining issues that their child had (Marc Mauer lecture). The parents then spoke to the police, and prosecutor to let them know what they were doing in order to resolve their child’s issues, and the prosecutor decided to drop the case, do to the steps that the family was already taken (Marc Mauer lecture). In the second scenario another teenager was found shoplifting, but his family did not have the resources to get a social worker, so the teen was givenShow MoreRelatedThe United States And The Criminal Justice System Essay1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States considers itself to be the best country in the world. This sense of nationalism is present because of the country’s history of opportunities and their e mphasis on the power of their people. 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The company I would like to talk about is Starbucks Free Essays

A company’s individual organizational structure is a formal composition of task and reporting relationships that allows the company to control, coordinate, and motivate employees so a common goal can be achieved (Bateman Snell, 2009, p. 505). Starbucks last structure is a matrix structure to maximize communication. We will write a custom essay sample on The company I would like to talk about is Starbucks or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was implemented in 2008 to strengthen partnerships, and improve customer service. Starbucks has 4 divisions within the U. S. Each division has its own supporting functions, which report to their own department and the division. The support functions are â€Å"designed to consolidate functional activities into teams that have a shared vision and goals to support the business† (Schultz, 2008, para. 10 ). Organization mission: Starbucks’ mission is to â€Å"inspire and nurture the human spirit— one person, one cup, and one neighborhood at a time†. (Starbucks, 2011, para. 7 ). Starbuck is commited to be good to people and the environment. They have implemented several programs to support communities and coffee farmers. They also make donations to African communities to help people living with HIV. Fiscal Policies: Starbucks has a very strong corporate social responsibility governance. All operations and reports are conformed to legal requirements enforced by the SEC and any other governmental agencies. Competition: â€Å"Today, with more than 15,000 stores in 50 countries, Starbucks is the premier roaster and retailer of specialty coffee in the world† (Starbucks, 2011, para. 7). Starbucks’ biggest competitors are Mcdonald’s, 7-Eleven, Dunkin Donuts, and Caribou Coffee. However, Starbucks has managed to stay ahead because of the unique quality of their coffee and their customer service. Economy: The 2008 restructure implementation has helped Starbucks to overcome the global economic crisis. â€Å"During this past fiscal year, revenues increased to a record $10. 7 billion. Operating income increased by $857 million from fi scal 2009 to $1. 4 billion† (Schultz, 2011, p. 3). Customer demands: Customers come to Starbucks for a unique coffee experience, personalized customer service. Globalization: Starbucks has stores in 50 different countries. Communication can be challenging when dealing with different cultures. Starbucks welcomes diversity. Starbucks believes that † by welcoming a diversity of people and ideas to our business, we create more opportunities for learning and success that benefit customers, partners (employees) and suppliers† (Starbucks, 2011, para. 5). How to cite The company I would like to talk about is Starbucks, Papers

Economic International Legal Considerations Essay Example For Students

Economic International Legal Considerations Essay International Legal ConsiderationsThis chapter covers a wide range of regulations, procedures, and practices that fall into three categories: regulations that exporters must follow to comply with U.S. law; procedures that exporters should follow to ensure a successful export transaction; and programs and certain tax procedures that open new markets or provide financial benefits to exporters. Export RegulationsGeneral Introduction The Export Administration Regulations (EAR) regulate the export and reexport of items for national security, nonproliferation, foreign policy, and short supply reasons. The Department of Commerces Bureau of Export Administration (BXA) has taken important steps to remove unnecessary obstacles to exporting, including completion of U.S. regulatory reform effort and export control liberalizations. Working closely with the exporting community, BXA has simplified the EAR, especially for those companies new to exporting. In addition, export controls have been liberalized on many products sold by U.S. companies around the world, consistent with national security and foreign policy concerns. We will write a custom essay on Economic International Legal Considerations specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A relatively small percentage of exports and reexports requires the submission of a license application to BXA. License requirements are dependent upon an items technical characteristics, the destination, the end use, and the end user. Determining whether a license is required for export is easier under the newly drafted regulations which consolidate license requirements previously scattered throughout the regulations. Once a classification has been determined, exporters may use a single chart to determine if licenses are needed for a country. The revised regulations include answers to frequently asked questions, detailed step-by-step instructions for finding out if a transaction is subject to the regulations, how to request a commodity classification or advisory opinion, and how to apply for a license. The EAR groups items (commodities, software, and technology) into ten categories each containing several entries. These entries are the Export Control Classification Numbers (ECCN). These entries are in Supplemental N0. 1 to part 774 of the EAR, which is the Commerce Control List (CCL). The CCL and the Country Chart, Supplement No. 1 to part 738 taken together, define items subject to export controls based solely on the technical parameters of the item and the country of ultimate destination. Items that are listed on the CCL but do not require a license by reason of the Country Chart and items classified as EAR99 (see 734. 3(c) of the EAR entitled Scope of the EAR) are designated as NLR, or no license required. All countries are not treated in the same way under the EAR because different countries present different national security, nonproliferation, or foreign policy considerations for the United States. A license requirement may be based on the end use or end user in a transaction, primarily for proliferation reasons. Part 744 of the EAR describes such requirements and relevant licensing policies and includes both restrictions on items and restrictions on the activities of U. S. persons. The EAR covers more than exports. Items subject to the EAR are generally controlled for reexport from one foreign country to another. A relatively small percentage of exports and reexports requires an application to BXA for a license. Many items are not on the CCL or, if on the CCL, require a license only to a limited number of countries. Other transactions may be covered by one or more License Exceptions in the EAR, part 740. However, a license is required for virtually all exports to embargoed destinations such as Cuba. Part 746 of the EAR describes embargoed destinations and refers to certain additional controls imposed by the Office of Foreign Assets Controls of the Treasury Department. Sometimes the EAR are referred to as dual use regulations. The term dual use refers to items that can be used for both military and other strategic uses (e.g. , nuclear) and commercial applications. It also refers to items with solely civil uses. The term is also used to distinguish the scope of the EAR from items covered by the regulations of other agencies. For example, the U. S. Department of State controls exports of weapons and military related items on the U.S. Munitions List, while the Department of Energy and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission control certain items for nuclear reasons. For more information on the control of agencies other than BXA, see Supplement No. 3 to part 730 of the EAR. Steps for Using the EAR You may first look at part 732 of the EAR for the steps you follow to determine your obligations. Part 734 defines the scope of the EAR and excludes certain publicly available technology, as well as items properly subject to the jurisdiction of another agency. What is the proper classification for your item? This information is essential to determining any licensing requirements under the EAR. You may either classify your item on your own according to the CCL or you may ask BXA for assistance. The EAR is structured in a way that you should follow the steps in order. To determine whether you need a license, consider, in order, the scope of the EAR (part 734), the ten general prohibitions (part 736), and the license exceptions (part 740). .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51 , .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51 .postImageUrl , .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51 , .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51:hover , .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51:visited , .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51:active { border:0!important; } .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51:active , .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51 .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueec4a0b360cf376ef9a6731ac4d1da51:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Critical Thinking and Business Decisions Essay General Prohibitions The general prohibition are found in part 736 of the EAR. The ten general prohibitions describe certain exports, reexports, and other conduct, subject to the scope of the EAR, in which you may not engage unless you have a license from BXA or qualify under part 740 of the EAR for a license exception from each applicable general prohibition paragraph. License Exceptions A license exception is an authorization for the export or reexport of some commodities, technology, or software under certain conditions. This gives you authority to ship certain items subject to the EAR that would otherwise require a license . Eligibility for license exceptions may be based on the item to be exported or reexported, the country of ultimate destination, the end use of the item, or the end user. If a license exception is available for a particular transaction, you may proceed with the transaction without a license. A license exception does not require a specific application nor approval from the Department of Commerce. However, you are required to meet all terms, conditions, and provisions for the use of that license exception. Applying for a License and Application Processing If an export license is required, you must prepare a Form BXA-748P, Mulipurpose Application Form, and submit it to BXA. The form can be used for requesting an export license, reexports, or commodity classifications. You may request forms by fax at 202-219-9179 or by phone on 202-482-3332. You must be certain to follow the instructions on the form carefully. In some instances, technical brochures and support documentation must also be included. In reviewing specific license applications, BXA will conduct a complete analysis of the license application along with all documentation submitted in support of the application. In addition to reviewing the item and end use, BXA will consider the reliability of each party to the transaction and review any available intelligence information. To the maximum extent possible, BXA will make licensing decisions without referral of license applications to other agencies; however, BXA may consult with other U. S. departments and agencies regarding any license application. Further information concerning the review policy for various controls is contained in parts 742 and 750. You may contact BXA for status of your pending certification request, advisory opinion, or license application. For advisory opinion requests, telephone 202-482-4905 or send a fax to 202-219-9179. For license applications and classification requests, telephone BXAs System for Tracking Export License Applications (STELA) at 202-482-2752. STELA is an automated voice response system that, upon request via any standard touch-tone telephone, will provide you with up-to-the-minute status on any license application pending at BXA. Requests for status may be made only by the applicant or the applicants agent. Avoiding Delays in Receiving a License In filling out a license application, rexporters commonly make four errors that account for most delays in processing applications: 1. Failing to sign the application. 2. Handwriting, rather than typing the application. 3. Responding inadequately to section 22(j) of the application, Description of Commodity or Technical Data, which calls for a description of the item or items to be exported. You must be specific, and you are encouraged to attach additional material to explain the product fully. 4. Responding inadequately to section 21 of the application, where the specific end use of the products or technical data is to be described. Again, you must be specific. Answering vaguely or entering unknown is likely to delay the application process. In an emergency, the Department of Commerce may consider expediting the processing of an export license application, but this procedure cannot be used as a substitute for filing of an application. If you feel you qualify for emergency handling, you should contact the Exporter Counseling Division at 202-482-4811 or by mail to the: U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Export Administration Office of Exporter Services Exporter Counseling Division 14th Street and Constitution Avenue, NW, Room 2706 Washington, D.C. 20230 Export Clearance If you are issued a BXA license, or you rely on a license exception described in part 740 of the EAR, you are responsible for the proper use of that license or license exception and for the performance of all its terms and conditions. If you export without either a license issued by BXA or a license exception, you are responsible for determining that the transaction is outside the scope if the EAR or the export is designated as No License Required. Both the Foreign Trade Statistics Regulations of the Census Bureau (15 CFR part 30) and the Export Administration Regulations require that the Shippers Export Declaration (SED) be submitted to the U.S. .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56 , .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56 .postImageUrl , .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56 , .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56:hover , .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56:visited , .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56:active { border:0!important; } .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56:active , .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56 .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub85d9d785d416ff1910a7898769e8f56:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: KARMA Essay Paper Government. There are exceptions to this rule, but if you are required to submit an SED, you must prepare it in accordance with the rules of the Foreign Trade Statistics Regulations (FTSR) and present the number of copies specified in the FTSR at the port if export. For more information about the FTSR or the SED, visit the Census Bureau online at http://www.census. gov/foreign-trade/www. Records on exports must be retained for five years from date of export, reexport, or any known diversion. For more information on export clearances, see part 758 of the EAR. For additional information on recordkeeping, see part 762. Where to Get Assistance The staring point for export licensing requirements and the regulations is the Exporter Counseling Division. BXAs counselors can guide you through the regulations to determine your licensing requirements. They can be reached by phone at 202-48-4811 and fax at 202-482-3617. BXA also maintains a Web site at http://www. bxa.doc.gov. The regulations are published in volume 15 of the Code of Federal Regulations starting at part 730. If you wish to purchase a loose-leaf version of the EAR or any electronic version of the EAR with updates, you may contact the National Technical Information Service order desk at 703-487-4630. In addition, the Export Administration Regulations are available through the EAR Electronic Market Place on the World Wide Web at http://w3.access.gpo. gov/bxa. Antidiversion, Antiboycott, and Antitrust RequirementsAntidiversion Clause To help ensure that U.S. exports go only to legally authorized destinations, the U. S. government requires a destination control statement on shipping documents. Under this requirement, the commercial invoice and bill of lading (or air waybill) for nearly all commercial shipments leaving the United States must display a statement notifying the carrier and all foreign parties (the ultimate and intermediate consignees and purchaser) that the U.S. material has been licensed for export only to certain destinations and may not be diverted contrary to U.S. law. Exceptions to the use of the destination control statement are shipments to Canada and intended for consumption in Canada and shipments being made under certain general licenses. Advice on the appropriate statement to be used can be provided by the Department of Commerce, an attorney, or the freight forwarder. The minimum antidiversion statement for goods exported under Commerce Department authority is: These commodities, technology, or software, were exported from the United States in accordance with the Export Administration Regulations. Diversion contrary to U.S. law is prohibited. Antiboycott Regulations The United States has an established policy of opposing restrictive trade practices or boycotts fostered or imposed by foreign countries against other countries friendly to the United States. This policy is implemented through the antiboycott provisions of the Export Administration Act enforced by the Department of Commerce and through the Tax Reform Act of 1977 enforced by the Department of the Treasury. o Prohibiting U. S. agencies or persons from refusing to do business with blacklisted firms and boycotted friendly countries pursuant to foreign boycott demands; o Prohibiting U.S. persons from discriminating against, or agreeing to discriminate against other U. S. persons on the basis of race, religion, sex, or national origin in order to comply with a foreign boycott; o Prohibiting U.S. persons from furnishing information about business relationships with boycotted friendly foreign countries or blacklisted companies in response to boycott requirements; o Providing for public disclosure of requests to comply with foreign boycotts; and o Requiring U. S. persons who receive requests to report receipt of the requests to the Commerce Department and disclose publicly whether they have complied with such requests. The antiboycott provisions of the Export Administration Act apply to all U.S. persons, including intermediaries in the export process, as well as foreign subsidiaries that are controlled in fact by U.S. companies and U.S. officials. The Department of Commerces Office of Antiboycott Compliance (OAC) administers the program through ongoing investigations of corporate activities. OAC operates an automated boycott-reporting system providing statistical and enforcement data to Congress and to the public, issuing interpretations of the regulations for the affected public, and offering nonbinding informal guidance to the private sector on specific compliance concerns. U. S. firms with questions about complying with antiboycott regulations should call OAC at 202-482-2381 or write to Office of Antiboycott Compliance, Bureau of Export Administration, Room 6098, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC 20230. Antitrust Laws The U.S. antitrust laws reflect this nations commitment to an economy based on competition. They are intended to foster the efficient allocation of